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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/leaf_vegetable" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/leaf vegetable">leaf vegetable</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div>

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<p><b>Leaf vegetables</b>, also called <b>leafy greens</b>, <b>vegetable greens</b>, or simply <b>greens</b>, are plant <a href="Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a> eaten as a <a href="Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetable</a>, sometimes accompanied by their <a href="Petiole_(botany)" title="Petiole (botany)">petioles</a> and <a href="Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, if tender. Leaf vegetables eaten raw in a salad can be called <b>salad greens</b>, whereas leaf vegetables eaten cooked can be called <b>pot herbs</b>.

</p><p>Nearly one thousand species of <a href="List_of_plants_with_edible_leaves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of plants with edible leaves">plants with edible leaves</a> are known. Leaf vegetables most often come from short-lived <a href="Herbaceous_plant" title="Herbaceous plant">herbaceous plants</a>, such as <a href="Lettuce" title="Lettuce">lettuce</a> and <a href="Spinach" title="Spinach">spinach</a>. Woody plants of various species also provide edible leaves.

</p><p>The leaves of many <a href="Fodder" title="Fodder">fodder</a> crops are also edible for humans, but are usually only eaten under <a href="Famine" title="Famine">famine</a> conditions. Examples include <a href="Alfalfa" title="Alfalfa">alfalfa</a>, <a href="Clover" title="Clover">clover</a>, and most <a href="Poaceae" title="Poaceae">grasses</a>, including <a href="Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> and <a href="Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>. <a href="Food_processing" title="Food processing">Food processing</a>, such as drying and grinding into powder or pulping and pressing for juice, may involve these crop leaves in a diet.

</p><p>Leaf vegetables contain many typical plant nutrients, but their <a href="Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a> levels are particularly notable since they are photosynthetic tissues. <a href="Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">Phylloquinone</a>, the most common form of the vitamin, is directly involved in <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nutrition">Nutrition</h2></div>

<p>Spinach, as an example of a leaf vegetable, is low in <a href="Calories" class="mw-redirect" title="Calories">calories</a> and <a href="Fat" title="Fat">fat</a> per calorie, and high in <a href="Dietary_fiber" title="Dietary fiber">dietary fiber</a>, <a href="Vitamin_C" title="Vitamin C">vitamin C</a>, pro-<a href="Vitamin_A" title="Vitamin A">vitamin A</a> <a href="Carotenoids" class="mw-redirect" title="Carotenoids">carotenoids</a>, <a href="Folate" title="Folate">folate</a>, <a href="Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a> and <a href="Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">vitamin K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The vitamin K content of leaf vegetables is particularly high since these are photosynthetic tissues, and <a href="Phylloquinone" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylloquinone">phylloquinone</a> is involved in <a href="Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, users of <a href="Vitamin_K_antagonist" title="Vitamin K antagonist">vitamin K antagonist</a> medications, such as <a href="Warfarin" title="Warfarin">warfarin</a>, must take special care to limit the consumption of leaf vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2></div>

<p>If leaves are cooked for food, they may be referred to in the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a> as <b>boiled greens</b>. Leaf vegetables may be <a href="Stir_frying" title="Stir frying">stir-fried</a>, <a href="Stew" title="Stew">stewed</a>, <a href="Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a>, or consumed raw. Leaf vegetables stewed with <a href="Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> is a traditional dish in <a href="Soul_food" title="Soul food">soul food</a> and <a href="Southern_U.S._cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern U.S. cuisine">Southern U.S. cuisine</a>. They are also commonly eaten in South Asian dishes such as <a href="Saag" title="Saag">saag</a>. Leafy greens can be used to wrap other ingredients into an edible package like a <a href="Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortilla</a>. Many green leafy vegetables, such as lettuce or spinach, can also be eaten raw, for example, in <a href="Sandwich" title="Sandwich">sandwiches</a> or <a href="Salad" title="Salad">salads</a>. A <a href="Green_smoothie" class="mw-redirect" title="Green smoothie">green smoothie</a> enables large quantities of raw leafy greens to be consumed by blending the leaves with fruit and water.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3></div>

<p>In certain countries of Africa, various species of nutritious <a href="Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a> are widely eaten boiled.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><i><a href="Celosia_argentea" title="Celosia argentea">Celosia argentea</a></i> var. <i>argentea</i> or "Lagos spinach" is one of the main boiled greens in <a href="West_African_cuisine" title="West African cuisine">West African cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3></div>

<p>In <a href="Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek cuisine</a>, <i>khorta</i> (χόρτα, literally 'greens') are a typical side dish, eaten hot or cold and usually seasoned with <a href="Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and <a href="Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>At least 80 different kinds of greens are used, depending on the area and season, including <a href="Black_mustard" class="mw-redirect" title="Black mustard">black mustard</a>, <a href="Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, <a href="Wild_sorrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild sorrel">wild sorrel</a>, <a href="Chicory" title="Chicory">chicory</a>, <a href="Fennel" title="Fennel">fennel</a>, <a href="Chard" title="Chard">chard</a>, <a href="Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="Jute#Tossa_jute_(Corchorus_olitorius)" title="Jute">mallow</a>, <a href="Solanum_nigrum" title="Solanum nigrum">black nightshade</a>, <a href="Chenopodium_bonus-henricus" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodium bonus-henricus">lamb's quarters</a>, <a href="Allium_ampeloprasum" title="Allium ampeloprasum">wild leeks</a>, <a href="Hirschfeldia_incana" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirschfeldia incana">hoary mustard</a>, <a href="Charlock" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlock">charlock</a>, <a href="Sonchus_oleraceus" title="Sonchus oleraceus">smooth sow thistle</a> and even the fresh leaves of the <a href="Caper" title="Caper">caper</a> plant.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div>

<p><i>Preboggion</i>, a mixture of different wild boiled leaf vegetables, is used in Ligurian cuisine to stuff <a href="Ravioli" title="Ravioli">ravioli</a> and <a href="Pansoti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pansoti">pansoti</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main ingredients of <i>preboggion</i> are <a href="Borage" title="Borage">borage</a> <i>(Borago officinalis)</i> leaves.

<i>Preboggion</i> is also sometimes added to <a href="Minestrone" title="Minestrone">minestrone</a> soup and <a href="Frittata" title="Frittata">frittata</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div>

<p>Botwinka (or boćwinka) is a soup that features beet stems and leaves as one of its main ingredients. The word "botwinka" is the diminutive form of "botwina" which refers to leafy vegetables like chard and beet leaves.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>In the <a href="Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">cuisine of the Southern United States</a> and <a href="Soul_food" title="Soul food">traditional African-American cuisine</a>, <a href="Turnip" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, <a href="Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard</a>, <a href="Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="Garden_cress" title="Garden cress">garden cress</a>, <a href="Dandelion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dandelion">dandelion</a>, <a href="Mustard_plant" title="Mustard plant">mustard</a>, and <a href="Pokeweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Pokeweed">pokeweed</a> greens are commonly cooked and often served with pieces of <a href="Ham" title="Ham">ham</a> or <a href="Bacon" title="Bacon">bacon</a>. The boiling water, called <a href="Potlikker" class="mw-redirect" title="Potlikker">potlikker</a>, is used as <a href="Broth" title="Broth">broth</a>. Water in which pokeweed has been prepared contains toxins that have been removed by boiling and should be discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Sauteed" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauteed">Sauteed</a> <a href="Escarole" class="mw-redirect" title="Escarole">escarole</a> is a primary ingredient in the <a href="Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American</a> dish <a href="Utica_greens" title="Utica greens">Utica greens</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_leaf_vegetables">List of leaf vegetables</h2></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">List of leaf vegetables</a></div>

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<ul><li><i><a href="Agastache_foeniculum" title="Agastache foeniculum">Agastache foeniculum</a></i> — <b>anise hyssop</b> (western <a href="North_America" title="North America">North America</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Allium_fistulosum" title="Allium fistulosum">Allium fistulosum</a></i> — <b>Welsh onion</b> (<a href="East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Alternanthera_sissoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternanthera sissoo">Alternanthera sissoo</a></i> — <b>sissoo spinach</b> (<a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Basella_alba" title="Basella alba">Basella alba</a></i> — <b>Malabar spinach</b> (<a href="India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Beta_vulgaris" title="Beta vulgaris">Beta vulgaris</a></i> — <b>beets</b>, including beet greens, <a href="Swiss_chard" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss chard">Swiss chard</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Brassica_oleracea" title="Brassica oleracea">Brassica oleracea</a></i> — <b>wild cabbage</b>, including <a href="Cabbage" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="Gai_lan" title="Gai lan">gai lan</a>, <a href="Jersey_cabbage" title="Jersey cabbage">Jersey cabbage</a>, <a href="Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="Red_cabbage" title="Red cabbage">red cabbage</a>, <a href="Savoy_cabbage" title="Savoy cabbage">savoy cabbage</a>, <a href="Collard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Collard greens">collard greens</a>, <a href="Mustard_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustard greens">mustard greens</a>, <a href="Kohlrabi" title="Kohlrabi">kohlrabi</a> and more</li>

<li><i><a href="Brassica_rapa" title="Brassica rapa">Brassica rapa</a></i> — <b>field mustard</b>, including <a href="Napa_cabbage" title="Napa cabbage">napa cabbage</a>, <a href="Bok_choy" title="Bok choy">bok choy</a>, <a href="Bomdong" title="Bomdong">bomdong</a>, <a href="Choy_sum" title="Choy sum">choy sum</a>, <a href="Komatsuna" title="Komatsuna">komatsuna</a>, <a href="Rapini" title="Rapini">rapini</a>, <a href="Tatsoi" title="Tatsoi">tatsoi</a>, <a href="Radish_greens" class="mw-redirect" title="Radish greens">radish greens</a>, and more</li>

<li><i><a href="Campanula_versicolor" title="Campanula versicolor">Campanula versicolor</a></i> — <b>various-colored bellflower</b> (southeastern <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the <a href="Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Chenopodium_quinoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenopodium quinoa">Chenopodium quinoa</a></i> — <b>quinoa</b> (western <a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> of <a href="South_America" title="South America">South America</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Cichorium_endivia" title="Cichorium endivia">Cichorium endivia</a></i> — <b>endive</b>, including <a href="Escarole" class="mw-redirect" title="Escarole">escarole</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Chicory" title="Chicory">Cichorium intybus</a></i> — <b>chicory</b> (Europe)</li>

<li><i><a href="Claytonia_perfoliata" title="Claytonia perfoliata">Claytonia perfoliata</a></i> — <b>palsingat</b> (western North America)</li>

<li><i><a href="Cnidoscolus_aconitifolius" title="Cnidoscolus aconitifolius">Cnidoscolus aconitifolius</a></i> — <b>chaya</b> (<a href="Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a> of <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Carrot" title="Carrot"><i>Daucus carota</i> subsp. <i>sativus</i></a> — <b>carrot</b> (<a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="Southwestern_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Asia">Southwestern Asia</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Eruca_sativa" title="Eruca sativa">Eruca sativa</a></i> — <b>arugula</b> or <b>rocket</b> (<a href="Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> region)</li>

<li><i><a href="Foeniculum_vulgare" class="mw-redirect" title="Foeniculum vulgare">Foeniculum vulgare</a></i> — <b>fennel</b> (southern Europe)</li>

<li><i><a href="Gynura_bicolor" title="Gynura bicolor">Gynura bicolor</a></i> — <b>edible gynura</b> (<a href="China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Gynura_procumbens" title="Gynura procumbens">Gynura procumbens</a></i> — <b>longevity spinach</b> (China, Southeast Asia, and Africa)</li>

<li><i><a href="Hemerocallis_fulva" title="Hemerocallis fulva">Hemerocallis fulva</a></i> — <b>orange day-lily</b> (China or <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lepidium_meyenii" title="Lepidium meyenii">Lepidium meyenii</a></i> — <b>maca</b> (<a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Lettuce" title="Lettuce">Lactuca sativa</a></i> — <b>lettuce</b>, including <a href="Celtuce" title="Celtuce">celtuce</a>, iceberg lettuce, <a href="Red_leaf_lettuce" title="Red leaf lettuce">red leaf lettuce</a>, <a href="Romaine_lettuce" title="Romaine lettuce">romaine lettuce</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Nasturtium_officinale" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasturtium officinale">Nasturtium officinale</a></i> — <b>watercress</b> (<a href="Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Malva_moschata" title="Malva moschata">Malva moschata</a></i> — <b>musk mallow</b> (Europe and southwestern <a href="Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Moringa_oleifera" title="Moringa oleifera">Moringa oleifera</a></i> — <b>moringa</b> (<a href="Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Perilla_frutescens" title="Perilla frutescens">Perilla frutescens</a></i> — <b>shisho perilla</b> (Southeast Asia and Indian highlands)</li>

<li><i><a href="Rumex_acetosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumex acetosa">Rumex acetosa</a></i> — <b>garden sorrel</b> (most of Europe, <a href="Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> Asia, North America, and <a href="Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sassafras_albidum" title="Sassafras albidum">Sassafras albidum</a></i> — <b>sassafras</b> (eastern North America)</li>

<li><i><a href="Sauropus_androgynus" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropus androgynus">Sauropus androgynus</a></i> — <b>katuk</b> (South Asia and Southeast Asia)</li>

<li><i><a href="Spinacia_oleracea" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinacia oleracea">Spinacia oleracea</a></i> — <b>spinach</b> (central and western Asia)</li>

<li><i><a href="Solanum_aethiopicum" title="Solanum aethiopicum">Solanum aethiopicum</a></i> — <b>nakati</b> (Asia and tropical Africa)</li>

<li><i><a href="Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">Trigonella foenum-graecum</a></i> — <b>fenugreek</b> (<a href="India" title="India">India</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Tropaeolum_majus" title="Tropaeolum majus">Tropaeolum majus</a></i> — <b>garden nasturtium</b> (<a href="Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a>)</li>

<li><i><a href="Viola_odorata" title="Viola odorata">Viola odorata</a></i> — <b>sweet violet</b> (Europe, northern <a href="Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>)</li></ul>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postharvest_diseases">Postharvest diseases</h2></div>

<p><a href="Post-harvest_losses_(vegetables)" title="Post-harvest losses (vegetables)">Postharvest diseases</a> cause up to 50% losses of leaf vegetables. These are <a href="Fungal_plant_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungal plant pathogen">fungal</a>, <a href="Bacterial_plant_pathogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial plant pathogen">bacterial</a>, and much less commonly <a href="Plant_virus" title="Plant virus">viral</a>. The most important remedy is temperature-controlled storage, although it is also important to prevent mechanical damage as this provides entryways for pathogens. Uncontaminated water for washing vegetables is of lesser but still significant importance.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Common bacterial pathogens include: <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> pv. <i>vitians</i>, <i><a href="Pseudomonas_viridiflava" title="Pseudomonas viridiflava">Pseudomonas viridiflava</a></i>, <i><a href="Pseudomonas_cichorii" title="Pseudomonas cichorii">P. cichorii</a></i>, and <i><a href="Pseudomonas_marginalis" title="Pseudomonas marginalis">P. marginalis</a></i>, <i>P. syringae</i> pv. <i>aptata</i>, <a href="Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._campestris" title="Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris"><i>X. campestris</i> pv. <i>campestris</i></a>, <a href="Xanthomonas_campestris_pv._raphani" title="Xanthomonas campestris pv. raphani"><i>X. campestris</i> pv. <i>raphani</i></a>, <i>P. syringae</i> pv. <i>maculicola</i>, <i>P. syringae</i> pv. <i>alisalensis</i>, <i><a href="Pectobacterium" title="Pectobacterium">Pectobacterium</a></i> spp. including <i>Pectobacterium carotovorum</i> subsp. <i>odoriferum</i> and <i>Pectobacterium aroidearum</i>, <i><a href="Dickeya" title="Dickeya">Dickeya</a></i> spp., <i><a href="Pseudomonas_marginalis" title="Pseudomonas marginalis">Pseudomonas marginalis</a></i>, and <i><a href="Pseudomonas_viridiflava" title="Pseudomonas viridiflava">Pseudomonas viridiflava</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Common fungal pathogens include: <i><a href="Alternaria_brassicicola" title="Alternaria brassicicola">Alternaria brassicicola</a></i>, <i><a href="Alternaria_alternata" title="Alternaria alternata">A. alternata</a></i>, <i>A. arborescens</i>, <i><a href="Alternaria_tenuissima" title="Alternaria tenuissima">A. tenuissima</a></i>, <i><a href="Alternaria_japonica" title="Alternaria japonica">A. japonica</a></i>, <i><a href="Colletotrichum_higginsianum" title="Colletotrichum higginsianum">Colletotrichum higginsianum</a></i>, <a href="Colletotrichum_dematium_f._spinaciae" title="Colletotrichum dematium f. spinaciae"><i>Colletotrichum dematium</i> f. <i>spinaciae</i></a>, <i><a href="Microdochium_panattonianum" title="Microdochium panattonianum">Microdochium panattonianum</a></i>, <i><a href="Stemphylium_botryosum" title="Stemphylium botryosum">Stemphylium botryosum</a></i>, <i>Cladosporium variabile</i>, <i><a href="Cercospora_beticola" title="Cercospora beticola">Cercospora beticola</a></i>, <i>C. lactucae-sativae</i>, <i><a href="Cercospora_brassicicola" title="Cercospora brassicicola">C. brassicicola</a></i>, <i>C. acetosella</i>, <i><a href="Botrytis_cinerea" title="Botrytis cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a></i>, <i><a href="Golovinomyces_cichoracearum" class="mw-redirect" title="Golovinomyces cichoracearum">Golovinomyces cichoracearum</a></i>, <i><a href="Podosphaera_fusca" title="Podosphaera fusca">Podosphaera fusca</a></i>, <i><a href="Erysiphe_cruciferarum" title="Erysiphe cruciferarum">Erysiphe cruciferarum</a></i>, <i><a href="Erysiphe_polygoni" class="mw-redirect" title="Erysiphe polygoni">E. polygoni</a></i>, <i><a href="Erysiphe_heraclei" title="Erysiphe heraclei">E. heraclei</a></i>, <i><a href="Sclerotinia_sclerotiorum" title="Sclerotinia sclerotiorum">Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</a></i>, and <i><a href="Sclerotinia_minor" title="Sclerotinia minor">S. minor</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Common <a href="Oomycete" title="Oomycete">oomycete</a> pathogens include: <i><a href="Albugo_occidentalis" title="Albugo occidentalis">Albugo occidentalis</a></i>, <i>A. ipomoeae-aquaticae</i>, <i><a href="Albugo_candida" title="Albugo candida">A. candida</a></i>, <i><a href="Hyaloperonospora_parasitica" title="Hyaloperonospora parasitica">Hyaloperonospora parasitica</a></i>, <i><a href="Bremia_lactucae" title="Bremia lactucae">Bremia lactucae</a></i>, <i><a href="Peronospora_effusa" class="mw-redirect" title="Peronospora effusa">Peronospora effusa</a></i>, and <a href="Peronospora_farinosa_f.sp._betae" title="Peronospora farinosa f.sp. betae"><i>Peronospora farinosa</i> f.sp. <i>betae</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicides</a> such as <a href="Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">prochloraz</a> can be used to manage some of these.<sup id="cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2></div>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Gotukola" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotukola">Gotukola</a> (<i>Centella asiatica</i>)</div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Swiss_chard" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss chard">Swiss chard</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">Water spinach</a></div>

</li>

<div class="gallerytext"><a href="Sabzi_Khordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabzi Khordan">Sabzi Khordan</a>, an Iranian salad-like dish, here of mixed greens and <a href="Radish" title="Radish">radishes</a></div>

</li>

</ul>

<ul><li><a href="Greens_powder" title="Greens powder">Greens powder</a></li>

<li><a href="Healthy_diet" title="Healthy diet">Healthy diet</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_leaf_vegetables" title="List of leaf vegetables">List of leaf vegetables</a></li>

<li><a href="Leaf_protein_concentrate" title="Leaf protein concentrate">Leaf protein concentrate</a></li>

<li><a href="Mesclun" title="Mesclun">Mesclun</a></li>

<li><a href="Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">Herbs</a></li>

<li><a href="Spring_greens" title="Spring greens">Spring greens</a></li>

<li><a href="Mucheong" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucheong">Mucheong</a></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140920191548/http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2626/2">"Nutrition facts for raw spinach per 100 g; USDA Nutrient Data SR-21"</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nutritiondata.self.com/facts/vegetables-and-vegetable-products/2626/2">the original</a> on 20 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFKesslerGlauser2014" class="citation book cs1">Kessler, F.; Glauser, G. (2014). "Prenylquinone Profiling in Whole Leaves and Chloroplast Subfractions". <i>Plant Isoprenoids</i>. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1153. pp. <span class="nowrap">213–</span>26. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-0606-2_15">10.1007/978-1-4939-0606-2_15</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4939-0605-5</bdi>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24777800">24777800</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChangWangYeh_LiuKao_Yang2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chang, C. -H.; Wang, Y. -W.; Yeh Liu, P. -Y.; Kao Yang, Y. -H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12104">"A practical approach to minimize the interaction of dietary vitamin K with warfarin"</a>. <i>Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics</i>. <b>39</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">56–</span>60. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjcpt.12104">10.1111/jcpt.12104</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24383939">24383939</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206036115">206036115</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Research Council (U.S.), Board on Science and Technology for International Development, <i>Lost Crops of Africa: Vegetables</i>, pp. 6, 35f. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mllZm3CChGIC&pg=PA35%7CGoogle">Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320211644/http://books.google.com/books?id=mllZm3CChGIC&pg=PA35%7CGoogle">Archived</a> 20 March 2015 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.echonet.org/">"ECHO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100510115947/http://www.echonet.org/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLynn_Livanos_Athan" class="citation web cs1">Lynn Livanos Athan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greekfood.about.com/od/soupsstews/r/horta.htm">"Horta Vrasta – Boiled Leafy Greens"</a>. <i>About.com Food</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220013035/http://greekfood.about.com/od/soupsstews/r/horta.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cogornese.it/easycms/html/dallolioalprebuggion.html">"dall'olio al preboggion"</a>. <i>cogornese.it</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120306170942/http://www.cogornese.it/easycms/html/dallolioalprebuggion.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academiabarilla.com/italian-recipes/ricette-liguria/liguria-style-omelette-with-borage-sausage.aspx">"Liguria-style omelette with borage and sausage"</a>. <i>Italian recipes – Italian food culture – Academia Barilla</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140819105432/http://www.academiabarilla.com/italian-recipes/ricette-liguria/liguria-style-omelette-with-borage-sausage.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFThayer2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="Samuel_Thayer_(author)" title="Samuel Thayer (author)">Thayer, Samuel</a> (2017). <i>Incredible Wild Edibles</i>. Forager's Harvest. pp. 273, 276. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9766266-2-6</bdi>. <q>Pokeweed must be prepared properly or it is dangerous. ... The only parts of poke to be eaten are the young shoots and tender stem tips, along with their immature, meristematic leaves. These must be boiled in an ample pot of water and then drained. Eating poke raw can cause serious poisoning. ... [A] man became ill from drinking water in which mature poke leaves had been boiled (Jaeckle and Freemon 1981).</q></cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Golding-et-al-2020-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Golding-et-al-2020_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGoldingTesorieroDaniel2020" class="citation book cs1">Golding, John; Tesoriero, Len; Daniel, Rosalie (2020). "10 - Leafy Vegetables". In Lluís Palou; Joseph L. Smilanick (eds.). <i>Postharvest pathology of fresh horticultural produce</i>. <a href="Boca_Raton%2C_FL" class="mw-redirect" title="Boca Raton, FL">Boca Raton, FL</a>: <a href="CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. p. xviii+823. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-315-20918-0</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1104856309">1104856309</a>.</cite> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781351805889</bdi> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781351805896</bdi> <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9781138630833</bdi></span>

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</ol></div></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20134#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1495" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20134#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1495" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4329369-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85057263">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01058622">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="listová zelenina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph159634&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="salátová zelenina"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph202603&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000247031&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987012219374505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/405123bf-f343-413c-b692-3796e9ce2d82">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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